Witnessing the birth of the red sequence: ALMA high-resolution imaging of and dust in two interacting ultra-red starbursts at z = 4.425. Rapidly star-forming galaxies adjacent to quasars at redshifts exceeding 6. Star formation and the interstellar medium in z > 6 UV-luminous Lyman-break galaxies. A dusty, normal galaxy in the epoch of reionization. Galaxies at redshifts 5 to 6 with systematically low dust content and high emission. HerMES: the rest-frame UV emission and a lensing model for the z = 6.34 luminous dusty starburst galaxy HFLS3. The space density of luminous dusty star-forming galaxies at z > 4: SCUBA-2 and LABOCA imaging of ultrared galaxies from Herschel-ATLAS. ISM properties of a massive dusty star-forming galaxy discovered at z ∼ 7. A dust-obscured massive maximum-starburst galaxy at a redshift of 6.34. Rise of the titans: a dusty, hyper-luminous ‘870 micron riser’ galaxy at z ∼ 6. Stellar masses and star formation rates of lensed, dusty, star-forming galaxies from the SPT survey. The intense starburst HDF850.1 in a galaxy overdensity at z ≈ 5.2 in the Hubble Deep Field. A bright z = 5.2 lensed submillimeter galaxy in the field of Abell 773. A massive protocluster of galaxies at a redshift of z ≈ 5.3. The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: the nature of bright submm galaxies from 2 deg 2 of 850-μm imaging. The Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey: HerMES. High-redshift star formation in the Hubble Deep Field revealed by a submillimetre-wavelength survey. A deep sub-millimeter survey of lensing clusters: a new window on galaxy formation and evolution. The star-formation efficiency of this galaxy is similar to those measured in its local analogues 13, despite a ~12 Gyr difference in cosmic time. After correcting for gravitational lensing, we derive an intrinsic less-extreme star formation rate of 380 ± 50 M ⊙ yr −1 for this source and find that its gas and dust properties are similar to those measured for local ultra luminous infrared galaxies, extending the local trends to a poorly explored territory in the early Universe. Here, we report the spectroscopic identification of a gravitationally amplified ( μ = 9.3 ± 1.0) dusty star-forming galaxy at z = 6.027. Consequently, our understanding of the nature of these sources, at the earliest epochs, is still incomplete. All of these submillimetre galaxies are rare examples of extreme starburst galaxies with star formation rates of ≳1,000 M ⊙ yr −1 and therefore are not representative of the general population of dusty star-forming galaxies. From the hundreds of square degrees mapped at submillimetre wavelengths 3, 4, 5, only a handful of sources have been confirmed to lie at z > 5 (refs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) and only two at z ≥ 6 (refs 11, 12). al.Ĭomments: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters, 29 June 2018, 10 pages, 6 figures, corresponding author: F.Since their discovery, submillimetre-selected galaxies 1, 2 have revolutionized the field of galaxy formation and evolution. The S2 data are inconsistent with pure Newtonian dynamics. When parameterising the post-Newtonian contribution from these effects by a factor f, with f = 0 and f = 1 corresponding to the Newtonian and general relativistic limits, respectively, we find from posterior fitting with different weighting schemes f = 0.90 +/- 0.09 (stat) +- 0.15 (sys). From data up to and including pericentre, we robustly detect the combined gravitational redshift and relativistic transverse Doppler effect for S2 of z ~ 200 km/s / c with different statistical analysis methods. Over the past 26 years, we have monitored the radial velocity and motion on the sky of S2, mainly with the SINFONI and NACO adaptive optics instruments on the ESO Very Large Telescope, and since 2016 and leading up to the pericentre approach in May 2018, with the four-telescope interferometric beam-combiner instrument GRAVITY. Near pericentre at 120 AU, ~1400 Schwarzschild radii, the star has an orbital speed of ~7650 km/s, such that the first-order effects of Special and General Relativity have now become detectable with current capabilities. The highly elliptical, 16-year-period orbit of the star S2 around the massive black hole candidate Sgr A* is a sensitive probe of the gravitational field in the Galactic centre.
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